The Item Discrimination Index: Does it Work?

The widely-used item discrimination index reports the difference between the proportions of high and low scorers answering a dichotomous item correctly. High values are reputed to flag good items, low values bad.

Following the conventional approach, we extract from the sample G of persons two equal-sized subgroups, the high scorers UG (Upper group) and the low scorers LG (Lower group). Typically, following Kelley (1939), the distribution of persons is treated as normal and UG and LG are the upper and lower 27%. (For other sub-groupings, see Tristan, 1995.) Then the item discrimination index is d = p(UG) - p(LG), where p(UG) and p(LG) are the proportions of correct answers by UG and LG respectively. The maximum value of d, Max(d), is 1.0 and occurs when all the UG group succeed and all the LG group fail on an item.

The easiness of an item for the whole sample is its p-value, p(G). This limits the value of Max(d). When 0.27 < p(G) < 0.73, i.e., when between 27% and 73% of the sample succeed, then the highest possible discrimination occurs when all the upper group succeed, i.e., p(UG) = 1.0, and all the lower group fail, i.e., p(LG) = 0, so that Max(d) = 1.0.

When p(G) < 0.27, then the item is most discriminating when p(LG)=0 and p(UG) = p(G)/0.27, so that Max(d) = p(G)/0.27. Similarly, when p(G) > 0.73, Max(d) = (1 - p(G))/.27. An item is not discriminating when p(LG) = p(UG) = p(G). Since negatively discriminating items contradict the test as a whole, they are eliminated. Figure 1 shows the possible values for d and p(G) for positively discriminating items.

Under Rasch model conditions, expected values of d can be estimated for different normally distributed samples of persons. Figure 2 is a nomograph of these values. For example, when the sample mean ability is 1.5 logits above the item, and the sample standard deviation is 2.0 logits (at arrow in Figure), the expected p-value is 0.72 and item discrimination index is 0.66. When data overfit the Rasch model, i.e., approach Guttman conditions, then d values will be higher than shown. When data are noisy, d values will be lower.

From the nomograph it can be seen that, when the sample is narrow or off-target, the expected item discrimination index is low, indicating that interpretation of these d values is always problematic. In fact, Rasch item discriminations (the slopes of the ogives) are the same for all samples, so these d values are descriptive of the samples, not the items. It is deviation from these d values that flag problem items.

Dr. Agustin Tristan Lopez
CENEVAL, Mexico

Kelley T.L. (1939) The selection of upper and lower groups for the validation of test items. Journal of Educational Psychology, 30, 17-24.

Tristan L.A. (1995) Model for computer-aided item analysis. (In Spanish). Foro Nacional de Evaluacion Educativa, Mexico: CENEVAL. pp. 45-68

1. The Item Discrimination Index: Does it Work? Tristan Lopez A. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1998, 12:1 p. 626
2. BICAL item discrimination index. Wright BD, Mead RJ, Bell SR. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2002, 16:1 p.869
3. Item Discrimination Indices. Kelley T., Ebel R., Linacre, JM. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2002, 16:3 p.883-4

4. Discrimination, Guessing and Carelessness Asymptotes: Estimating IRT Parameters with Rasch. Linacre J.M. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2004, 18:1 p.959-960

The Item Discrimination Index: Does it Work? Tristan Lopez A. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1998, 12:1 p. 626.

Rasch Publications
Rasch Measurement Transactions (free, online)	Rasch Measurement research papers (free, online)	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Applying the Rasch Model 3rd. Ed., Bond & Fox	Best Test Design, Wright & Stone
Rating Scale Analysis, Wright & Masters	Introduction to Rasch Measurement, E. Smith & R. Smith	Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement, Thomas Eckes	Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, George Engelhard, Jr.	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers, Rita Green
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Journal of Applied Measurement	Rasch models for measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences, Boone, Stave, Yale
in Spanish:	Análisis de Rasch para todos, Agustín Tristán		Mediciones, Posicionamientos y Diagnósticos Competitivos, Juan Ramón Oreja Rodríguez

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