Reading in America: Stenner's Lexiles Confirmed!

Progress is signalled by the ability to predict outcomes. Data from the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) confirm Jack Stenner's Lexile theory in the same way that quark detection confirms particle physics. When the lexile values necessary for 75% mastery of the reading material used at each grade level are plotted against the mean NALS Rasch measures of adult literacy corresponding to each year of final education, a startlingly simple and decisive confirmation of the Lexile theory appears. The relationship between the theoretical lexiles and the empirical Rasch measures is a straight line! It follows that the Lexile construct can organize and predict a fundamental feature of our complex world, the ability to understand and use written language. The educational, commercial and political implications are profound and extensive.

Lexile theory posits that the reading difficulty of ordinary text is dominated by word frequency and sentence length. Stenner's Lexile Scanner reads text segments, looks up word frequencies and counts sentence lengths. It then predicts the reading difficulty of the text in lexile units computed from the mean log_e word infrequency and the mean log_e sentence length. Stenner has lexiled reading materials from nursery to graduate school and beyond. This includes the particular materials used at each level of education from grade school through college.

The NALS data come from 24,944 US adults answering selections from 169 English literacy items. Dick Vanezky, John Michael Linacre and Ben Wright have estimated the mean Rasch NALS literacy levels for adults at each year of final education from grade school through college. The NALS items were designed and administered with no reference to Lexile theory.

In the plot, mean literacy levels increase in equal steps with education levels. Thus, on the average, we are only as literate as the reading materials at our last year of education! Our literacy level does not change with reading activity after formal schooling ends, but our literacy does decline from around age 40. Other NALS analyses show a similar linearity between mean literacy, education level and log_e income! Thus, on the average, we are only as rich as our literacy and education allow!

Stenner's studies show that the literacy level needed to read newspapers is above 1200 lexiles. On the plot 1200 corresponds to finishing high school. Thus, for a democracy based on informed voters to survive, we must see to it that all youth finish high school. When we leave school prematurely, we condemn ourselves to an unnecessarily impoverished life. Staying through high school has got to be a national priority!

Reading in America: Stenner's Lexiles confirmed! Wright BD, Stenner AJ, Vanezky R. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1995, 8:4 p.387

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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