Bilingual Testing

A problem that arises in bilingual testing is that some persons are partial speakers of two languages, but not totally competent in either. In these cases, the respondent might answer in English sometimes and Spanish sometimes. We ran into this situation in preschool readiness testing with Hispanic children in Florida.

The Woodcock/Muñoz-Sandoval approach (RMT 7:4 p. 329) is designed for first language speakers of different languages. It equates parallel tests, then transforms measures on the non-English language form to their English equivalent. But a simple translation of a test into another language ignores cultural bias - for example, a cross has specific cultural significance for Hispanic preschoolers.

We took a different approach with the Rasch model. We pooled responses from Spanish and English forms and calibrated the items together. Then we used the person "between" (Hispanic students vs. Anglo students) fit statistic provided by IPARM (Smith 1991) to compare Hispanic and English cultural bias on each item, without regard to the language that the student used when responding. Mixed language responses were allowed. Credit was given when the answer was correct in either language.

The person between fit statistic proved more sensitive to bias than the usual fit statistics. We were able to identify items for inclusion, exclusion or editing in a bilingual test, so avoiding the need for equated test versions and equivalent measures. Without this approach, the more or less unpredictable use of two languages simultaneously could render some preschoolers unmeasurable.

Steve Lang 1994 RMT 8:1 p. 343
University of South Florida at St. Petersburg

Rasch publications in Spanish - Español
www.rasch.org/rmt/glosario.htm	Rasch Anàlisis - Glosario Español - Spanish Glossary - Español-Inglés del diccionario - Spanish-English Dictionary - Dr. Agustín Tristàn Lòpez
www.rasch.org/diseno.htm	Spanish language introduction to Diseño de Mejores Pruebas (Best Test Design)
Book PDF	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - Spanish-language translation of Best Test Design (Wright & Stone, 1979)

Bilingual testing. Lang S. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1994, 8:1 p.343

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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