Rasch Quick Norms

Norm-referenced interpretation compares an examinee's performance on a test with the distribution of performances of a reference population. Consequently, estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the reference population are the key ingredients to norming. Rasch theory provides an easy method to develop "quick norms" using only two pieces of information: a set of items with pre-calibrated difficulties, and the number of examinees in the reference group (representing the reference population) who succeeded on each item.

The quick norm procedure employs Cohen's PROX technique (Wright & Stone 1979 p. 126-128):
(1) Select a set of items whose pre-calibrated item difficulties span the expected range of abilities.
(2) Administer the set of items to a reference group.
(3) Count up the correct responses to each item.
(4) Calculate the log-odds = log_e(number correct / number incorrect) for each item. (5) Plot the log-odds against the item difficulty for each item.
Verify they fall on a "statistical" line. Amend the items or reference sample, if necessary.
(6) Regress the log-odds on the item difficulties.
Obtain
A = Intercept at 0 item difficulty
C = Slope of line.
(7) Reference population mean = A/C
(8) Reference population S.D. = 1.7*sqrt[(1-C^2)/C^2]
(9) Compute the measure for each possible raw score on the item set, or measure each new examinee using some or all of the item set.
(10) Compute norm-referenced indicators (percentiles, standard scores) using the computed measures and the reference population mean and S.D.

The Table summarizes the responses of 50 examinees to 15 pre- calibrated items. A plot of the log-odds correct answers against the item difficulties is shown in the Figure. The intercept of the least-squares regression line corresponds is "A" and the slope is "C".

Rasch Quick Norms (N = 50 examinees) Items Examinees Log-odds correct: Pre-calibrated item succeeding: Si loge(Si /(N-Si)) difficulty: Di 1 42 1.66 -2.19 2 42 1.66 -2.19 3 37 1.05 -1.34 4 34 .75 -.94 5 33 .66 -.82 6 29 .32 -.36 7 29 .32 -.36 8 24 -.08 .17 9 24 -.08 .17 10 23 -.16 .27 11 20 -.41 .59 12 14 -.94 1.27 13 12 -1.15 1.53 14 11 -1.27 1.67 15 6 -1.99 2.54 Mean = 0.02 Mean = 0.00 S.D. = 1.03 S.D. = 1.34 Regression Intercept = A = 0.02 Regression Slope = C = 0.77 Reference (Norm) Mean = A/C = 0.02/0.77 = 0.03 Reference (Norm) S.D. = 1.7*sqrt[(1-C^2)/C^2] = 1.43

An examinee who scores 13 on this 15 item test has a measure of about 1.4 logits. The z-score is (1.4 - 0.03)/1.43 = 1.0. The T-score is 60, NCE is 70, percentile is 85%, and stanine is 7.

Quick norms efficiently replace cumbersome traditional test norming methods. Bush & Schumacker (1993) generated 100 replications of simulated data for all combinations of item difficulty distribution (normal and uniform), test length (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 items), and sample size (50, 100, 200, 300, 400 examinees). They discovered no statistically significant differences between the quick norm and conventional norming methods except for the very short 10-item tests.

Bush M.J., Schumacker, R.E. (1993). Quick norms with Rasch measurement. Paper presented at AERA Annual Meeting, Atlanta.

Schumacker RE, Bush MJ. (1993) Quick norms. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 7:1 p.270-1.

Wright B.D. Stone, M.H. (1979). Best Test Design. Chicago: MESA Press.

Quick norms. Schumacker RE, Bush MJ. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1993, 7:1 p.270

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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