Three Stages of Construct Definition

The development of construct definition follows a process that is articulated by its source of knowledge.

Stage 1) Instrument calibration based on personal knowledge, intuition and subjective analysis.
Pre-Galilean discussions of temperature measurement are interspersed with references to subjective "scales" of measurement anchored by terms like "as cold as when it snows" or "too hot to touch." A recent example is the attempt to measure "health risks of exposure to ionizing radiation." The observation (quantity of ionizing radiation) is converted into a measure (health risk) via calibrations based on the observer's value system. Objective measurement of constructs in their formative stages is difficult because theory is weak.

Stage 2) Data-based instrument calibrations.
17th Century temperature measurement employed data-based calibration. In Europe, two dozen "scales" competed for favor. Calibrations of thermometers were done on an instrument-by-instrument basis in the laboratory of the instrument maker. The particular readings of the thermometer, when exposed to states with known temperatures (e.g., human temperature), were used to calibrate each thermometer as it was manufactured. Measures from the same instrument maker were consistent and "specifically objective", i.e., two instruments from the same maker produced basically the same numbers. Measures from thermometers built by different instrument makers differed and there was no common frame of reference to permit a measure's reexpression in another metric.

A recent example of second stage construct definition is "mathematics achievement." Numerous instruments (tests) exist for measuring "mathematics ability", each with its own scale. Fifty years of factor-analytic research imply that all instruments measure something in common, but there is no shared framework that permits reexpressing one measure (e.g., NAEP) in terms of another (e.g., CAT). The confusion produced by multiple metrics contributes to the lack of consensus about what is, or should be, measured under the label of "mathematics ability".

Stage 3) Theory-based instrument calibration.
Thermometers made today are manufactured and shipped to customers without reference to data on the performance characteristics of the particular instrument. Instrument calibration is accomplished via theory-based equations and tables. Manufacturing proceeds with total reliance on theory. Theory enables any measure to be reexpressed in the metric of another instrument maker (e.g., Celsius to Fahrenheit). Measures calibrated by theory are "generally objective." Any two observers given the same observation (volume displacement of mercury in a tube) will report back the same number as a measure.

The only behavioral science construct that approaches third stage development is "reading comprehension." This is because the Lexile Framework enables generally objective, theory-based, measurement of reading comprehension. Reading comprehension tests can be calibrated on the same metric, without reference to the performance of actual readers. The only reference required is the Lexile equation.

Three Stages of Construct Definition, A Stenner & I Horabin … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1992, 6:3 p. 229

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
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Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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