Latent variables

To my knowledge it was Paul Lazarsfeld who popularized the terminology of latent and manifest variables in measurement theory. The more interesting variables in our disciplines are always latent and we are never able to observe them in a direct way. Nobody has ever seen intelligence, knowledge of biology, or achievement motivation as such, and nobody ever will. What we have at hand is - at most - a collection of scattered behaviors or linguistic utterances expressing feelings or mental reactions to some situation, which in themselves are of no interest, but might be conceived of as allusions to the more interesting latent qualities we assume to be present.

However, simply because we talk about latent variables - and all textbooks in education or psychology are full of them - we may not assume that they exist, that they are just out there, and that we only have to collect data to measure them. Latent variables are no empirical quantities, but hypotheses about reality. The only way to get to know them is through a model that formulates hypothetical relations between the latent variables and certain observables. Social and behavioral scientists live in a hypothetical or latent space, and the only point of reference they have is a man-made model. We know that models can never be fully true, but that to some extent they are always idealizations, abstract schemes to represent reality.

At the recent AERA Annual Meeting in San Francisco a debate was held on "IRT in the 1990s: Which Models Work Best." I had the pleasure of participating as a discussant and enjoyed doing so - although I very much missed a tone of mutual respect among the participants. C'est le ton qui fait la musique! In the debate, I took the position that the first lesson to be learned from measurement theory is that we should be humble and not pretend to know more than we do. But I immediately added that the choice of model is as important as the choice of an Archimedean point, and that the Rasch model offers simplicity, interpretability, and plenty of statistical procedures with proven properties. Other models lack these features. I finally concluded that I might even use one of these other models, if I had to accept tests and data collected by others, but that I would do so suspicious of the results and knowing that a better world is possible.

I have been elected Chair of the SIG as successor to David Andrich, who finished his term at the Business Meeting in San Francisco. It is just fitting to thank him for the dedicated way in which he exercised his office. I am sure all of you will miss his insights as Chair, and so will I.

Latent variables, W van der Linden … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1992, 6:2 p. 213

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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