The Measurement of Time

Measurement is a creative dialogue between theory and reality. It profits from advances in both. Here are the insights of Ferdinand Gonseth, Professor of Higher Mathematics and Philosophy of Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, into the problem of constructing a clock, in From the measurement of time to the method of research. In J. Zeman, Ed. (1971) TIME in Science and Philosophy, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

"When one examines the needs to be met for measuring time with high accuracy, one is confronted with a certain number of difficulties of various orders, some of which are of a technical, or even technological nature, and others of a theoretical character. Still others may affect the very principle of scientific research and are, consequently, of a methodological nature. Seeing them thus clearly indicated, it may be thought that these different types of difficulties are independent of each other, and that in order to overcome them, it is necessary first of all to see to it that they are well separated. But this idea does not stand a closer analysis of what we will call further on the problem of high precisions. It appears on the contrary, that the difficulties to be overcome are interlinked, and that they must be approached as a whole." (p. 277)

"Of course, to a certain and possibly essential extent, the progress of clock-making technology has been inspired and oriented by a theoretical ideal, by the abstract model of the isochronic oscillator. The word abstract should mean here that it is a question of a model of a mathematical character, conceived according to the principles of so-called rational mechanics. The efforts of technicians and practitioners have long tended, and still tend, to realize this model as perfectly as possible, and as faithfully as the situation and technical means involved will permit. Most of the technical and industrial progress that took place up to the advent of electronic techniques could be analyzed and presented in this perspective: all research was oriented (or at least seemed to be oriented) towards the realization of conditions, which, in the ideal model, ensured the correct functioning of the isochronous oscillator. The improvements and discoveries to be made on the technical level seemed to answer the need for a guiding principle: that of seeking an ever greater approximation of the theoretical model." (p. 287)

This is the guiding principle that motivates the Rasch approach to psychological measurement.

The Measurement of Time. Gonseth F. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1992, 5:4 p.183

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
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Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
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