An "Estimation Bias" Shootout in the Wild West: CMLE, JMLE, MMLE, PMLE

Three riverboat gamblers, Bruce, George and Ben, are discussing tomorrow's sharpshooting contest between Annie Oakley and Lillian Smith. Today's Deadwood Pioneer newspaper contains reports of their previous contests in Table 1 and of their contests with Frank Butler in Table 2.

"Tomorrow it's Annie against Lillian. Here's how to get the odds correct." says Bruce. "Let's use PMLE¹. In each Table, Annie and Lillian were in the same situation three times, once for each row. Annie won twice. Lillian won once. The odds in both Tables are 2/1. Annie and Lillian are ln(2/1) = 0.69 logits apart."

"We get those same odds of 2/1 from both Tables using CMLE^2,3." agrees George.

"JMLE⁴ and MMLE⁵ estimate that the odds for both Tables are 4/1" says Ben. "To produce the correct odds of 2/1 for the direct pairwise comparison of Annie and Lillian in Table 1, we must adjust for JMLE estimation bias⁶. However, the odds for the indirect pairwise comparison of Annie and Lillian in Table 2 are 4/1. JMLE/MMLE are correct. There is no JMLE estimation bias for Table 2."

"No! No!" objects George. "JMLE estimates are always biased⁷, even though the bias reduces quickly for larger datasets⁸. Ben, you are way off target!"

"It's you guys who can't shoot straight" says Ben. "Let's redraw Table 2 so that each row is a separate contest of sharpshooters. Here it is in Table 3 where all the participants are columns and there is one row for each pairwise contest, exactly like Table 1. Let's take Bruce's PMLE logic for Table 1 and apply it to Table 3. All the row scores are 1. In the upper three contests, Annie scores 2 and Frank scores 1. The odds are 2/1 for Annie against Frank. In the lower three contests, Frank scores 2 and Lillian scores 1. The odds are 2/1 for Frank against Lillian. Combining these, the odds for Annie against Lillian are (2/1) * (2/1) = 4/1. They are ln(4/1) = 1.39 logits apart, exactly as JMLE tell us!"

"That is exciting!" exclaims Bruce. "We can extend Table 3 to much larger competitive situations such as Basketball⁹ and Tennis using PMLE or bias-adjusted JMLE¹⁰."

"Ben, why didn't you explain this to me years ago?" says George. "In Tables 1 and 3, the paired comparisons are direct. In Table 2 the comparisons are indirect. Table 2 is an abbreviated version of Table 3. When we treat the comparisons in Table 2 as direct, we distort the meaning of the data, resulting in biased estimates."

"Exactly!" says Ben, "When a dataset is directly pairwise, as in Tables 1 and 3, CMLE/PMLE estimates are accurate and unbiased. We must bias-adjust JMLE estimates. For a dataset of indirect comparisons like Table 2, JMLE estimates are unbiased. CMLE/PMLE estimates for any dataset are biased if reformatting that dataset to be directly pairwise produces different CMLE/PMLE estimates."

Dear Reader: Would you like more evidence? raschdat1.rda is a dichotomous dataset of 30 items and 100 persons distributed in the eRm package. In www.rasch.org/rmt/a/shootout.zip, there are conventional Table 2 (30x100) versions of raschdat1 for CMLE, JMLE, MMLE, and PMLE, also Table 3 pairwise (130x3000) versions for JMLE and PMLE, together with their estimates (see Figure 1) and the Excel worksheet of the Figures. In Figure 2, Table 3 curves track with Table 2 JMLE curves, confirming Ben's claim that JMLE is unbiased for conventional datasets.

Figure 1. MLE estimates for raschdat1

Figure 2. MLE estimates for raschdat1 (Excerpt).

Endnotes:

1. PMLE, Pairwise Maximum Likelihood Estimation, in RUMM2030 and Facets.

2. CMLE, Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation, in eRm.

3. CMLE for Tables 1 and 2: All the rows are scored 1 on the 2 items, so we only need the probabilities for a row score of 1. Let's call P(10) the probability that Annie wins and Lillian loses, then P(01) is the opposite. For each row the total probability for a score of 1 is P(10) + P(01). In each Table, Annie scored 2 in 3 attempts, so 2 = 3 * P(10) / (P(10) + P(01)). Lillian scored 1 in 3 attempts, so 1 = 3 * P(01) / (P(10) + P(01)). Now, divide those two equations, then the odds are P(10)/P(01) = 2/1. ln(2/1) = 0.69 logits.

4. JMLE, Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation, in ConQuest, Facets and Winsteps. The JMLE estimates are the ones for which the observed marginal score equals the expected marginal score for each row and column.

5. MMLE, Marginal Maximum Likelihood Estimation, in ConQuest. MMLE estimates are the ones for which the observed marginal score for each column equals the expected marginal score, and the row parameters are modeled to have a normal distribution.

6. Using Winsteps, JMLE pairwise estimation bias is adjusted by Paired=Yes

7. Andersen E.B. (1970) Asymptotic properties of conditional maximum likelihood estimators. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 32, 283-301

8. Wright, B.D. (1988) The efficacy of unconditional maximum likelihood bias correction: Comment on Jansen, Van den Wollenberg, and Wierda. Applied Psychological Measurement, 12, 315-318. www.rasch.org/memo45.htm

9. Linacre J.M. (2001) Paired comparisons for measuring team performance. RMT, 15:1, 812. www.rasch.org/rmt/rmt151w.htm

10. Linacre J.M. (1997) Paired comparisons with standard Rasch software. RMT, 11:3, 584-5. www.rasch.org/rmt/rmt113o.htm

Available Rasch software is listed at www.rasch.org/software.htm.

Linacre J.M., Chan G., Adams R.J. (2013) An "Estimation Bias" Shootout in the Wild West: CMLE, JMLE, MMLE, PMLE. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 27:1 p.1403-5

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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