Virtual Equating of Items

When two test forms have no respondents in common ("common-person equating") and no items in common ("common-item equating"), then the data for each test form comprises a separate analysis. If the test forms are designed to be parallel, then it may be reasonable to assert that the mean item difficulties of the two test forms are the same. If the distributions of the respondents administered each test forms are considered to be randomly equivalent, then it may be reasonable to assert that the mean respondent abilities are the same. But what if these assertions are unreasonable or need to be verified? Then conduct a qualitatively-based virtual equating (Luppescu, 1996).

Step 1. Identify pairs of items of similar content and difficulty in the two tests. Be generous about interpreting "similar" at this stage.

Steps 2-4 by print-out: The two item difficulty hierarchies are printed with the difficulties spaced according to their Rasch measures. Equivalent items are identified. The sheets of paper are moved relative to each other until the overall joint hierarchy makes the most sense. The value on Test A corresponding to the zero on Test B is the equating constant to use for Test B. If the item spacing on one test appears expanded or compressed relative to the other test, then rescale the measures on one test form to compensate.

Or: Step 2 by graphing: From the separate analyses, crossplot the difficulties of the pairs of items, with Test B on the y-axis and Test A on the x-axis. The slope of the best-fit line i.e., the line though the point at the means of the common items and through the (mean ±1 S.D.) point should have slope near 1.0. If it does, then the intercept of the line with the x-axis is the equating constant. To place Test B in the Test A frame of reference: add the x-axis intercept to all Test B measures.

Step 3. Examine the scatterplot. Points far away from the best fit line indicate items that are not good pairs. You may wish to consider these to be no longer paired. Drop the items from the plot and redraw the best fit line.

Step 4. The slope of the best fit is: slope = (S.D. of Test B common items) / (S.D. of Test A common items) . So multiply Test B measures by the value of 1/slope, and add the value of the x-intercept. Then reanalyze Test B. Test B is now in the Test A frame of reference, so a cross plot of the equating items should approximate the identity lined. If so, the person and item measures from Test A and Test B can be reported together.

Luppescu, Stuart (1996). Virtual equating: An approach to reading test equating by concept matching of items. Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.

Virtual equating of examinee groups is discussed in "Equating Without an Anchor for Nonequivalent Groups of Examinees", Nicholas T. Longford, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, June 2015, vol. 40, no. 3, 227-253

Virtual Equating. Luppescu S. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2005, 19:3 p. 1025

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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