The Partial Credit Model and the One-Item Rating Scale Model

At least one aspect of Rasch measurement continues to perplex analysts and paper reviewers. Are Masters' Partial Credit Model and Andrich's Rating Scale Model variants of the same polytomous model or different models?

The Andrich (1978) Rating Scale Model conceptualizes all items on an instrument to share the same m+1 ordered-category rating scale:

with the usual parameterization, where x=0,m and F₀=0 or any convenient constant, also = 0.

The Masters' (1982) Partial Credit Model conceptualizes each item to exhibit a unique rating scale structure of m_i+1 ordered categories.:

where x=0,m_i and F_i0=0 or any convenient constant.

In many survey instruments, subsets of items share rating scales, some items have unique rating scales, and some items are dichotomies. The generalization of the Andrich Rating Scale Model to groups of items encompasses all these:

where g indicates the group of items (sharing the same rating scale structure) to which item i belongs.

But what if every group contains only one item? Then g has the same meaning as i, and this model becomes:

Now it appears that there are two different Rasch models for the identical situation: the "Partial Credit" and the "One-Item Rating Scale". What is the relationship between them? Let us take the Partial Credit model and reparameterize D_ik as b_i + τ_ik where

Then,

Therefore, which is the same constraint as in the one-item rating scale model.

Thus, the difference between the two models is reduces to parameterization. The "Partial Credit" D_ik is identical to the "one-item Rating Scale" D_i + F_ik as constrained by

and

Consequences of this equivalence include the definition of an overall "item difficulty" for a Partial Credit item as D_i, and also any theoretical properties or practical implications obtained for one model can be carried directly over to the other.

D_i has a convenient interpretation: it is the location (i.e., person measure) on the latent variable at which the highest and lowest category are equally probable. To confirm this, let B_n be the ability of person n with equal probability of being observed in the lowest and highest categories of item i of difficulty D_i:

Thus item difficulty for Andrich's Rating Scale model and Masters' Partial Credit model can have the same definition. The models are equivalent.

John Michael Linacre

Andrich D. (1978) A rating scale formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43, 561-573.

Masters G.N. (1982) A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47, 149-174.

The Partial Credit Model and the One-Item Rating Scale Model, Linacre J.M. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2005, 19:1 p. 1000-1002

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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