Judge Ratings with Forced Agreement

Many performance assessments have each piece of work rated by a pair of judges, supposedly rating independently. But a commonly applied rule is that, whenever the ratings awarded by the pair of judges differ by more than one category, that piece of work is rated by a third rater whose rating replaces that of the more discrepant of the original pair. Raters who are deemed discrepant too frequently are retrained and may be dismissed. The result is pressure on the judges to be "consistent", i.e., to conform to an imaginary consensus. The consequence of this pressure is a dataset in which the ratings of pairs of judges do not differ by more than one score-point for any piece of work. What are the measurement implications of this?

It is straightforward to construct a data matrix that accords with this intent. You can do it yourself. Imagine 7 pieces of work of increasing quality. These are the columns of the data matrix. Each is rated on a 1-6 rating scale. Each row of the data matrix is a judge, assigning ratings to each piece of work, but in such a way that the ratings of each piece of work (i.e., in each column) do not differ by more than one score-point. Your data matrix will look something like this:

1123456
1234566
2133456
1234455
1123456
1234566
1123456
1234566
1123456
1234566

A Rasch analysis reveals the measurement implications of this forced agreement. The Figure depicts the category probability curves for the rating scale. The category curves display very little overlap with curves other than their immediate neighbors. For my dataset, the range of the scale is around 40 logits. This accords with the ranges of over 30 logits sometimes reported for assessments using this type of judging procedure.

What has happened? The attempt to increase reliability by forcing judge agreement has not worked as intended. Reliability is an ordinal or even, in the case of Cohen's Kappa, a nominal index. If the two judges were perfectly reliable, they would be like machines, always producing identical ratings. So they would act as one judge. We have here a variant of the "attenuation paradox" of raw-score classical test theory (CTT), or of what the legal profession "wood-shedding".

From the measurement perspective, each rating is expected to provide independent information about the location of the performance on the latent trait. It is the accumulation of that information, not the ratings themselves, that is decisive. Ratings which contradict the accumulated information certainly merit investigation, but are not automatically rejected. In the situation described here, the attempt to increase inter-rater reliability has actually reduced the independence of the judges, and so degraded the validity of the measures as measures.

John M. Linacre

Judge ratings with forced agreement. Linacre, JM. … 16:1 p.857-8

Judge ratings with forced agreement. Linacre, JM. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2002, 16:1 p.857-8

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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