Redundant Items, Overfit and Measure Bias

"One question I have is with the Rasch method's apparent failure to take account of redundant items. If the item scaling shows that all items are approximately equally spaced except for a few that are duplicates of other items (two items fall at same difficulty level), then the mapping of raw score onto Rasch ability level should take this into account, e.g., by weighting these items only .5 vs. the items that do not have duplicates being weighted 1.0." Roger Graves

What is a redundant item? For measurement purposes, we want an item that focuses on the same thing as the other items, but produces one item's worth of new information. A useful item is "as similar as possible, but as different as possible". Including the same item twice in a test is nearly always redundant. Such items do not provide two item's worth of new information, since responses to one are overly predictable from responses to the other. High inter-item dependency is typically flagged by fit statistics reporting overfit for redundant items. Dependency is also detected by response-residual analysis.

the effect of redundancy is to introduce a locally Guttman-like pattern into the data. Since Rasch measures are computed as though the data fit the model, this slightly distorts or biases the measures by locally increasing logit distances. Redundant, over-fitting or dependent items, however, rarely distort the measures enough to have any practical consequences.

The impact of redundancy in a simulated data set is shown in the Figure. The baseline consists of 100 persons taking a test of 100 dichotomous items in accordance with the Rasch model. Identical items are added to the test by copying the responses of the sample to an item at the center of the test. It is reassuring to see that large numbers of identical items have little impact on the measures. If measure bias due to item dependency is a concern, compare persons measures including and omitting those items.

Two items of the same difficulty may or may not be redundant. If responses to the two items are independent, then the items are not redundant in the measurement sense and do not distort the measures. They do increase the local precision of person measures. This is of benefit in computer-adaptive and criterion-based tests. But, if high precision is not needed, then multiple items of the same difficulty are not required, and there is pragmatic item redundancy. It may be beneficial to shorten the test, or to replace excess items of similar difficulty with items of different difficulties designed to fill gaps in the difficulty hierarchy. John Michael Linacre

Redundant Items, Overfit and Measure Bias Linacre, J.M. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2000, 14:3 p.755

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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